Planning your writing
1)Read the question
2)Brainstorm ideas
3)Decide how many ideas to include (e.g. 2 advantages, 2 disadvantages)
4)Decide how many paragraphs (about 4)
5)Organise your ideas into paragraphs (for main part of essay)
Introduction: What the topic is
What you are going to say on the topic
Main Part: Your ideas/the main points e.g. a paragraph on advantages of…, a paragraph on disadvantages of….. You could give reasons for these ideas, examples.
Conclusion: an outline/summary of the main points (what you have written)
Thursday, 23 April 2009
Linkers
Linking expressions:
1.ordering points: to sum up, previously, in addition, in the first place
2.reason: on account of, owing to, in view of the fact that,
3.contrast: whereas, on the other hand, and yet,
4.conditional: unless, even if, provided that,
5.result: consequently, therefore, subsequently, as a result,
1.ordering points: to sum up, previously, in addition, in the first place
2.reason: on account of, owing to, in view of the fact that,
3.contrast: whereas, on the other hand, and yet,
4.conditional: unless, even if, provided that,
5.result: consequently, therefore, subsequently, as a result,
Confusing words
What are the differences in meaning between the following group
of words:
1.bring,take,carry,fetch
2. earn, gain, win, beat
3.let,allow,permit,enable
4.miss,lack,lose,waste
5.sorry,afraid,apologise,excuse
6.travel,trip,journey,tour voyage
7.actually,currently
8.comfortable,convenient
9.manifestation,demonstration
10.physicist, physician
11.pretend, expect
12.realize, create
13.receipt, recipe
14.sensible, sensitive, over sensitive, a psychic
15.serious, professional
16.smoking, a dinner jacket/tuxedo
17.camping, a campsite
18.sympathetic
1.bring,take,carry,fetch
Bring=coming towards the speaker
Take=going away from speaker
Carry=transport in arms/hands
Capacity of some machines e.g. The lift carries up to 10 people
Fetch=Get
2. earn, gain, win, beat
Earn=to acquire e.g. money, respect, a reputation
Gain=to acquire e.g. Experience, time, capital
Win=used with objects
Beat=used with people
3.let,allow,permit,enable
Let, allow, permit=to give permission
Enable=to facilitate
4.miss,lack,lose,waste
Miss=fail to see, catch or attend something
Lack=someone or something hasn’t got something e.g. He lacks concentration
To be lacking in something
Lose=don’t have anymore
Waste=to use or consume unnecessarily e.g. Energy, paper, time, money, food
5.sorry,afraid,apologise,excuse
Sorry=to apologize for something
Apologize=more formal
Afraid=when we have to say something to someone that they may not like
Excuse (me)=to apologize for disturbing or interrupting someone
6.travel,trip,journey,tour, voyage
Travel=go from one place to another (verb, adjective or noun)
Trip=a noun, time away from home e.g. day trip, work trip
Journey=most often used as a noun, only the ‘travel’ time
Voyage=usually a long journey, especially by sea
Tour=a journey including one or more destinations (verb or noun)
1.Actually= really, in reality
Currently= at the moment
2.comfortable= allows one to relax
Convenient=situated nearby, suitable
2a.cheap=low cost
3.manifestation=giving a clear example
Demonstration=public gathering to express opinion
4.physicist=somebody who studies/does physics
Physician= a doctor
5.pretend=fake, claim
Expect=aspire to something
6.realize=to begin to understand
Create=make, develop
7.receipt=proof of purchase
Recipe=how to cook something
8.sensible=reasonable, practical
Sensitive=to understand situations and feelings of others
Over sensitive=easily offended
A psychic=person with special ability to read your mind/the future
9.serious=not humorous
professional=to follow the correct conduct in a situation
10.sympathetic=understanding somebody’s situation
11.Smoking=the act of smoking
A dinner jacket/tuxedo=elegant jacket
12.Camping=the act of camping
A campsite=place where you go camping
of words:
1.bring,take,carry,fetch
2. earn, gain, win, beat
3.let,allow,permit,enable
4.miss,lack,lose,waste
5.sorry,afraid,apologise,excuse
6.travel,trip,journey,tour voyage
7.actually,currently
8.comfortable,convenient
9.manifestation,demonstration
10.physicist, physician
11.pretend, expect
12.realize, create
13.receipt, recipe
14.sensible, sensitive, over sensitive, a psychic
15.serious, professional
16.smoking, a dinner jacket/tuxedo
17.camping, a campsite
18.sympathetic
1.bring,take,carry,fetch
Bring=coming towards the speaker
Take=going away from speaker
Carry=transport in arms/hands
Capacity of some machines e.g. The lift carries up to 10 people
Fetch=Get
2. earn, gain, win, beat
Earn=to acquire e.g. money, respect, a reputation
Gain=to acquire e.g. Experience, time, capital
Win=used with objects
Beat=used with people
3.let,allow,permit,enable
Let, allow, permit=to give permission
Enable=to facilitate
4.miss,lack,lose,waste
Miss=fail to see, catch or attend something
Lack=someone or something hasn’t got something e.g. He lacks concentration
To be lacking in something
Lose=don’t have anymore
Waste=to use or consume unnecessarily e.g. Energy, paper, time, money, food
5.sorry,afraid,apologise,excuse
Sorry=to apologize for something
Apologize=more formal
Afraid=when we have to say something to someone that they may not like
Excuse (me)=to apologize for disturbing or interrupting someone
6.travel,trip,journey,tour, voyage
Travel=go from one place to another (verb, adjective or noun)
Trip=a noun, time away from home e.g. day trip, work trip
Journey=most often used as a noun, only the ‘travel’ time
Voyage=usually a long journey, especially by sea
Tour=a journey including one or more destinations (verb or noun)
1.Actually= really, in reality
Currently= at the moment
2.comfortable= allows one to relax
Convenient=situated nearby, suitable
2a.cheap=low cost
3.manifestation=giving a clear example
Demonstration=public gathering to express opinion
4.physicist=somebody who studies/does physics
Physician= a doctor
5.pretend=fake, claim
Expect=aspire to something
6.realize=to begin to understand
Create=make, develop
7.receipt=proof of purchase
Recipe=how to cook something
8.sensible=reasonable, practical
Sensitive=to understand situations and feelings of others
Over sensitive=easily offended
A psychic=person with special ability to read your mind/the future
9.serious=not humorous
professional=to follow the correct conduct in a situation
10.sympathetic=understanding somebody’s situation
11.Smoking=the act of smoking
A dinner jacket/tuxedo=elegant jacket
12.Camping=the act of camping
A campsite=place where you go camping
Summary Task - Arguing answers
Topic Sentence: Knowing how to argue is a useful skill.
For this exercise, you’ll have to choose the main points. Choose the main points from the passage in the selection of sentences/phrases below.
1. “We must use it on ourselves in order to arrive at decisions”
2. “members of the local PTA”
3. “we use it with others”
4. “drafting a letter to the editor of our hometown paper”
5. “Our ability . . . will allow us to make some difference in public life”
6. “we are condemned to sit on the sidelines”
7. “saving whales”
Once you’ve identified the main points in the passage you can check your answers here. Your next step will be to draft a summary based on the main points that you’ve chosen.
Exercise I: Choose the Main Points (Answers)
In addition to the topic sentence, numbers 1, 3, and 5 represent the more important points in this paragraph.
Exercise II: Sample Summary
The ability to argue is valuable because we use it for so many reasons: both to make choices for ourselves and to persuade others. Without this ability to argue we lose our power to affect change.
For this exercise, you’ll have to choose the main points. Choose the main points from the passage in the selection of sentences/phrases below.
1. “We must use it on ourselves in order to arrive at decisions”
2. “members of the local PTA”
3. “we use it with others”
4. “drafting a letter to the editor of our hometown paper”
5. “Our ability . . . will allow us to make some difference in public life”
6. “we are condemned to sit on the sidelines”
7. “saving whales”
Once you’ve identified the main points in the passage you can check your answers here. Your next step will be to draft a summary based on the main points that you’ve chosen.
Exercise I: Choose the Main Points (Answers)
In addition to the topic sentence, numbers 1, 3, and 5 represent the more important points in this paragraph.
Exercise II: Sample Summary
The ability to argue is valuable because we use it for so many reasons: both to make choices for ourselves and to persuade others. Without this ability to argue we lose our power to affect change.
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